How to Prevent Frozen Pipes This Winter

Why frozen pipes are dangerous

When water freezes inside a pipe, it expands by roughly 9%, generating pressures that can exceed 2,000 psi. That force is enough to split copper, PVC, and even steel pipes. A single burst pipe can release hundreds of gallons of water per hour, causing thousands of dollars in structural damage, ruined drywall, and mold growth that may not appear for weeks.

Which pipes are most at risk

• Exterior walls — pipes running through uninsulated or poorly insulated exterior walls are the first to freeze
• Unheated spaces — garages, crawl spaces, attics, and basements without climate control
• Outdoor hose bibs — garden faucets that haven't been shut off and drained
• Kitchen and bathroom cabinets — pipes behind sink cabinets on exterior walls get cut off from indoor heat

Prevention checklist

• Insulate exposed pipes with foam pipe sleeves or fiberglass wraps — pay special attention to pipes in crawl spaces, attics, and garages
• Disconnect and drain all outdoor garden hoses before the first hard freeze
• Install frost-proof hose bibs or interior shut-off valves for outdoor faucets
• Open cabinet doors under sinks on exterior walls during cold snaps to let warm air circulate
• Keep your thermostat set to at least 55°F (13°C) even when you're away or on vacation
• Let faucets drip at a slow trickle during extreme cold — moving water resists freezing
• Seal cracks and gaps near pipes where cold air can enter, using caulk or spray foam
• Consider installing electric heat tape on vulnerable pipe runs — thermostatically controlled versions activate automatically

What to do if a pipe freezes

If you turn on a faucet and only a trickle comes out, a pipe may be frozen. Shut off the main water supply immediately to limit damage if the pipe has cracked. Open the affected faucet so melting water can flow out. Apply gentle heat using a hair dryer, heating pad, or towels soaked in hot water — never use an open flame. Work from the faucet side toward the frozen section. If you cannot locate the frozen area or the pipe has already burst, call a licensed plumber immediately.

When to call a professional

Call a plumber if you cannot locate the frozen section, if multiple fixtures are affected, or if you notice any water damage. A plumber can also install permanent solutions like heat trace cables and improved insulation. Prevention costs a fraction of what burst-pipe repairs run — typically $200–$500 for insulation versus $5,000–$15,000 for water damage restoration.